Osama Bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda Essay Example for Free

Osama Bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda Essay Osama Bin Laden is a militant Islamist and the founder member of Al-Qaeda organization. His father was a wealthy businessperson with a close link to Saudi royal family who after death, Osama inherited all the wealth. In 1996 and 1998, Osama issued two commands to the Muslims urging them to kill military personnel and civilians from the U. S. and its close allies until they stop supporting Israel and withdraw their military forces from Islamic nations. He has been named as the force behind U. S. embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, and connected to September 11 U. S. bombing. In 968 to 1976, he joined an elite model school, and later he was exposed to Muslim unity teaching at Saudi schools and universities. Before the formation of alameda, Osama used to be a member of MAK 0rganizations led by Assam, which le left in 1988 after strategic differences with its leaders. According to Laden, he wanted an organization that would train, equip and lead its Arab soldiers to battles with the aid of Arab soldiers. Their differences came from Assam persistence to include the Arab fighters among the Afghan fighting groups. Instead of creating their independent fighting groups. Laden was not impressed with the idea and in 1990, he returned to Saudi Arabia as a jihad warrior, who was highly appreciated after helping bring down Soviet Union. At the same time, Iraq soldiers attacked Kuwait and bin laden was notified of the plan to fight back by non-Muslim soldiers, and offered to assist. However, he shunned the presence of non-Muslims fighters i. e. the American soldiers considering that the war was near the two holy cities Mecca and Medina. He started criticizing the Saudi leadership, a reason that made loyal family unhappy. They tried to silence him, hence he had no other option other escape to Sudan. He then started recruiting and training his soldiers, with the aid Sudanese government and family members. It is in Sudan where al Qaeda was born. Al Qaeda has been linked to several attempted attacks on U. S. these include: the 1992 bombing of the Gold Minor hotel in Yemen, which was intended to kill American soldiers staying in the hotel, on their to Somalia. Secondly, the organization was also linked to 1998 U. S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. Lastly, the evidence reveals that Al Qaeda and bin laden were involved in September 11 attacks on U. S. , though no hard evidence was gotten. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS: Terrorism is an occurrence, which can be overcome by clearly examining the conditions under which it occurs. These is attributed to fury and desperation that leaves them with no other option other terrorism and violence, no amount sanctions and war can quench these thirst. This leaves U. S. with only one option other to negotiate or at least giving in to their grievances. Instead of opting for double standards where it is in the forefront to punish those who violate human rights, yet when it comes to cases to Muslims human rights violation it gives a deaf ear. As long as the U. S.does not negotiate for peace between the Islamic and warring parties, then this problem is there to stay. At the same time, there is need to other countries in the fight against terrorism in terms of financial, military and relief provision, and at least to counter their moves as they are over the world. REREFERENCES Augustus Richard Norton (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton University Press, New York. Emerson, S. (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Free Press, Chicago. Hakan Ozoglu (1996) State-Tribe Relations: Kurdish Tribalism in the 16th- and 17th- Century Ottoman. Empire, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, London. James L. Gelvin (2005), the Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Laurence F. Bove, Laura Duhan Kaplan (1995), From the Eye of the Storm: Regional Conflicts and the Philosophy of Peace, Rodopi Press, Rodopi. Magnus Ranstorp (1996). Hezbollah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. St. Martins Press, Richard N. Haass (2005), Office of the Policy Planning Staff: Remarks to the World Affairs Council of Northern California, San Francisco, California.

Exploring Methodological Individualism Essay -- Psychology

Exploring Methodological Individualism ABSTRACT: I defend the truth of the principle of methodological individualism in the social sciences. I do so by criticizing mistaken ideas about the relation between individual people and social entities held by earlier defenders of the principle. I argue, first, that social science is committed to the intentional stance; the domain of social science, therefore, coincides with the domain of intentionally described human action. Second, I argue that social entitites are theoretical terms, but quite different from the entities used in the natural sciences to explain our empirical evidence. Social entities (such as institutions) are conventional and open-ended constructions, the applications of which is a matter of judgment, not of discovery. The terms in which these social entities are constructed are the beliefs, expectations and desires, and the corresponding actions of individual people. The relation between the social and the individual 'levels' differs fundamentally from that bet ween, say, the cellular and the molecular in biology. Third, I claim that methodological individualism does not amount to a reduction of social science to psychology; rather, the science of psychology should be divided. Intentional psychology forms in tandom with the analysis of social institutions, unitary psycho-social science; cognitive psychology tries to explain how the brain works and especially how the intentional stance is applicable to human behavior. The principle of methodological individualism in the social sciences has its origin in the Austrian school of economics and was introduced into the philosophy of social science in general by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Popper. Hayek was the first to us... ... the Aristotelian Society 76, 1-27. Rosenberg, Alexander (1980), Sociobiology and the preemption of social science. Baltmore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ruben, David-Hillel (1985), The metaphysics of the social world. London etc.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Stich, Stephen (1983), From folk psychology to cognitive science. The case against belief. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press. Thornhill, Nancy Wilmsen (1991), 'An evolutionary analysis of rules regulating human inbreeding and marriage', Brain and Behavioral Sciences 14, 247-261. Tuomela, Raimo (1984), A theory of social action. Dordrecht etc.: D. Reidel. — (1995), The importance of us. A philosophical study of basic social notions. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press. Watkins, John (1952), 'Ideal types and historical explanation', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 3, 22-43.

Accidental Buddhist Essay

I’d never heard of this book before I started this class. I’ve always been interested in the nature and customs of different cultures in other countries. That may be one of the reasons why I took this class. I believe another reason is that I had already taken Western Religion and wanted to learn more. This book didn’t really spark my interest at first but after I got to reading it I seemed to keep going back to it and reading more. In the book the author Dinty Moore takes a year and begins to ponder the shift to Buddhism. He does this along with a couple other Americans. Along with some other things that he does he got to a strict Zen Monastery and a loose Theravada Center. Moore also interviews experts and visits a pair of struggling cushion makers. The author gets the extreme honor and pleasure of being able to ask the Dalai Lama a question when he attends a talk at Indiana University. This inspires a little of his own quest for meaning after the God from his childhood left him for the most part but also left a sense of suffering. His travels proved worth while and often modestly told exploration of one mans mid-life quest for something that was spiritually missing. This book moves more towards the less visible and un-promoted side of how Buddhism is starting to filter into today’s American life. For Moore this fits better than the shaved head, mantra chanting, and incense wreathed thought that most Westerners have associated with Dharma. The author looks for something or someway for him to replace what he lacked from his childhood faith. In the book, he seeks guidance towards confronting and being able to answer the big questions that leave us dissatisfied and wanting more information. My favorite parts of this book were Chapters 6 â€Å"Catholic Boy Zen† and 9 â€Å"The Plain-Spoken Theravada. † In Chapter six the author talks to Fr. Robert Jinsen Kennedy who is a Jersey Jesuit that combines Zen and Catholicism. Their intelligent conversation addressed the lack of maturity in ways that Catholicism has been presented to those who came from his generation. There were the last ones to get the pre-Vatican II version of the negative â€Å"thou shalt not† mindset which was combined with a simplified version of God and Jesus that was manufactured for an easy transmission to about a billion followers. Moore acknowledges that his current attraction towards Buddhism may be an overreaction to the Catholicism from his childhood. Even the Dali Lama’s own caution for Westerners not to over romanticize Buddhism as opposed to their â€Å"Judeo-Christian† mentality hits a nerve as the author listens to the Tibetan leader respond in Indiana to his own question. Inside Chapter Nine it reveals a growing comfort with Dharma. Moore takes pains not to glamorize those who adapt to Buddhism. Being well-read in this field his sources remain largely invisible and he aims for an accessible jargon-free presentation that anyone can understand. The author concentrates on overcoming his â€Å"rock† with in, his resistance and his angst, his entrapment in the cycle of suffering, and keeping his anger in. this is similar to many Irish Catholic males of at least a certain age and upbringing. Everything that has happened in his life has compelled him to look for what is missing and wanting to find out more about Buddhism. Moore attempts to get over the thing that permeates our mental habits which he calls the â€Å"if only† postponement of happiness. The author compares this to missing the sights and sounds of a hiking trail because your rushing down it eager to finish. He also compares it to him driving down the interstate thinking of how the vehicles engineering detracts from distractions but it also blurs any sense of the journey’s own beauties and discoveries. One of the things that challenge Mr. Moore to slow down and appreciate wisdom is his fear that forty-five years of work and the worry of twenty years over lost opportunities will zip past him. The author knows full well a few hours of practicing Buddhism over a years’ time won’t bring on dazzling illuminations. However, after he attends a second Zen retreat gets a glimpse of more than he had in the beginning. He tries as a mediator to silence the restless â€Å"monkey man† inside, before calming down: â€Å"Maybe enlightenment is when the monkey just sees the sunset and when the sunset ends that monkey just looks at the stars. Another thing Moore brings up is that â€Å"You can’t slow the brain down with a few brief attempts any more easily than you can stop a speeding freight train with a white picket fence. † To the authors astonishment he adapts well to being able to sit still. Even though there are no dramatic changes in his life he grows calmer, more equitable, and perhaps become a lot happier. Instead of being a self-promoting journey towards insight this book ends up being very quiet. If this book were found at the right time and in the right mood it should be satisfying to a patient and quiet seeker. However, this could be too much for the eager inquirers to handle. Concerning whether God exists or not Moore realizes that he isn’t going to worry to much about it. â€Å"If God does in fact exist, I should live my life according to the principals of kindness, compassion, and awareness. Even if there isn’t a God the same principals apply which is his summation of an intimate Buddhist perspective. † I recently had the opportunity to go and see Dinty Moore speak here at Sinclair. I learned quite a lot about him during his talk starting with that he was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. One of the things that I learned about him is that he sees writing and Buddhism as being connected. While Mr. Moore was on his journey to finding himself he traveled around the country. I learned two aspects of Buddhism are you can’t control outside aspects and you can control the reaction people have. He informed the group that came to see him speak that after writing the book he became a writing teacher. He also let us know that to him Buddhism and other religions have wide similarities.

What Is A Relational Database. “A Relational Database Is

What is a Relational Database â€Å"A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. It was invented by E.F. Codd in 1970.† (TechTarget, 2006) A simpler definition of a relational database is a self-describing group of related tables. There are three ways to modify a table. We can insert a record, delete one, or update a record, already in the table. When you create a database, you can set up business rules. Business rules become part of the database. These are called constraints, or Referential Integrity Constraints. When you relate tables together, you must have†¦show more content†¦Databases allow companies to store virtually any type of data. They have high speed and low cost. Computer reports for job statistics along with automatic updates allow for increased speed and efficiency. And now, small business owners c an use the cloud for database functionality. Main components of a Relational Database The main components of a relational database are rows, columns, and tables. The tables are known as relations, or files. The rows are called tuples, or records. The columns are called attributes, or fields. In order for a table to be a relation, rows must contain data about an entity, or something. Columns must contain data about attributes of the entity (quantity, tax, etc.), and cells must contain a single value only. All entries in a column are of the same type. Each column has a unique name, and no two rows can be identical. The order of both the rows and columns is not important. The other components of a relational database are forms, queries, reports, and also macro and module. A macro is a sequence of instructions that we give a single name to- it can provide extra features and functionality, and the module is written in a programming language and then run when need be. It also lends extra functionality to the database. The forms are used to enter one record at a time, the queries are used to search through the data for the answer to our question, and the reportShow MoreRelatedWhat A Database Is, Features Of A Relational Database, And The Benefits Of Relational Databases1659 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In this report I am going to explain what a database is, features of a relational database, and the benefits of a relational database, purpose of primary keys and how they are used to build relationships, and I am also going to focus on, what are foreign keys and how they are been used, explain referential integrity and finally, how to apply referential integrity. I am also going to backed up my views and opinions with the valid references. Assessment introduction Iain’s Co is aRead MoreWhat Is A Relational Database?1043 Words   |  5 Pagesservice. What is a Relational Database? Relation database is a database model in which information is stored in separate tables stored in a linked relationship in a table with rows and columns. Each table has a record which is known as tuples and each record has a field which is known as an attribute which all containing unique value, every table has at least one field with another table such as many to many’ ‘one to many’ or ‘one to one’ relationships. What is the purpose of a relational databaseRead MoreWhat Ways Does The Structure Of A Relational Database Assist The Easy Retrieval Of Information723 Words   |  3 PagesIn what way does the structure of a relational database assist the easy retrieval of information? Benefits of reducing data redundancy Reducing data redundancy will help improve the database and it assists making data retrieval more simple and easy. 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We find many difficulties in managing bigRead Moreâ€Å"Logical Design, Part 1† Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pageshired consultant for ACME Global Consulting to procure requirements for a large database. In this scenario, â€Å"Logical Design, Part 1†, I will develop a database management systems to convince a set of clients of the benefits of using the Entity–Relationship model (E-R) in developing a database. In addition, my management would like the following points addressed in my design: (1). List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. (2). Summarize the purpose of an Entity–RelationshipRead MoreKey Features Of The Database Management System1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof the database management system MongoDB. Day-to-day information is growing in gigantic amount. Generated information include predominant information and it will have to be analyzed for gathering essential expertise. On the whole, relational databases are used so as to system the data. These, ways works successfully for small amount of knowledge. What if the data is very tremendous? To avoid this problems Mongo databases are introduced. MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database. ClassifiedRead MoreA Video Rental Store977 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness and hence they can no longer keep up their customer database, inventory management, and daily sales monitoring with the ir current information management system. As their hired computer system consultant, I immediately recommended switching over to a computer based Point of Sale (POS) system to record sales. The next phase of upgrades will be to integrate the sales system with a database. The decision on what type of database to employ heavily depends on the scale of the business, plans

Essay on Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military - 1094 Words

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the issue of rape and sexual assault in the military. The number of attacks for rape and sexual assault in the military are at an all-time high. Women have recently been allowed to fight on the front line. While this may be a huge achievement for women-kind, for this woman, it is a very scary thought. I am a junior at Texas Academy of Biomedical Sciences; a school geared towards students wishing to enter the medical field. I may be forced to join the military one day if a war breaks out and women are needed to protect the country. I would be happy to serve my country if I did not have to be scared of my fellow soldiers. Rape and sexual assault are major issues in the military and†¦show more content†¦Many victims are not getting the justice they deserve and are often treated worse than the attacker and targeted because they were raped. Women are not the only demographic that will be lost, young men will also be discouraged from joining any branches of the armed forces. Our military may be short of soldiers in its biggest time of need. This would mean that the Selective Services would have to be called into effect. This would mean that the amount of rapes would drastically increase and military would be facing a scandal of epic proportions. I am not going to argue the ethics of rape, what is right or wrong. Instead, I am trying to persuade you that the future safety of our country depends on the bettering of the system of prosecuting rapists in the military. The soldiers that are in the battles that protect our country should be protected themselves, and this is the only way to ensure their safety. A Newsweek article written by Jesse Ellison proves that women are more likely to be raped in the military than to be killed. The act of rape, while abundant in the military, is not the problem. The rapists are committing the sinful act multiple times on multiple victims because they are not being punished. The rapists need to realize that the acts they are committing are illegal and deserve to be punished. According to Albert Einstein, the definition ofShow MoreRelatedRape And Sexual Assault Of The Military1328 Words   |  6 PagesRape and sexual assault are major issues in the military. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the issue of rape and sexual assault in the military. The number of attacks for rape and sexual assault in the military are at an all-time high. Women have recently been allowed to fight on the front line. While this may be a huge achievement for women-kind, for this woman, it is a very scary thought. I am a women with female relatives, with female friends. I may be forced to join the military one dayRead MoreEssay on Military Sexual Assault: The Invisible War by T.K. Barwlow1711 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, the United States Military has faced numerous scandals. From its role in the Vietnam War, to the Iran-Contra Affair, to the Iraq War, to the abuse and de nial of due process rights to detainees currently held indefinitely at the detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; the Department of Defense has undeniably raised many questions about its ethics and treatment toward both civilians and fellow members of the Armed Forces alike. One recent scandal, which would now appear to beRead MoreRape Among Americans : Rape1220 Words   |  5 PagesRape Among Americans Rape is a violent crime that involves forcing sexual acts on a person. Sexual assault is a serious problem and should be stopped. It can happen to anyone: no one is safe. Every one out of six Americans are raped each year. This includes men,women,and children. Some people believe that rape isn’t a prominent problem, but statistics show it occurs more frequently than we could ever imagine. Rape and its forms Although it all falls under the general topic of rape, there are differentRead MoreAngelique Vasquez. Professor Scala. Wgs 4100 . April 18Th,1517 Words   |  7 PagesAngelique Vasquez Professor Scala WGS 4100 April 18th, 2017 The Untold Stories of Women at War Joining the military is a commitment sold as a beneficial lifestyle. However, there is an unspoken truth about women joining the military. Hiding behind fluff, are women’s stories about the sexual violence during their time in the force and the mistreatment they received for reporting the assaults. What needs to happen: give some consideration to the type (and history) of men being recruited; take awayRead MoreSexual Assault Against Women During The United States1381 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual Assault Against Women in the United States Zoe Williams SOCY 100: Introduction to Sociology Montgomery College September 26, 2014 â€Æ' Violence against women has been ever-present throughout time and place in our world and in recorded history. Although violence against women encompasses a whole range of related acts, rape and sexual assault perpetrated against women is the focus of this paper. Men and boys are also victims of sexual assault, but the numbers of women who are sexualRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1739 Words   |  7 PagesWomen without a doubt have dealt with a large portion of the inequality that rules this nation. But the military has always been accepting of others. This is a way for women to make great livable wages and maintain a steady occupation. 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Sexual assault and rape have been major issues in the military that is constantlyRead MoreEssay Kirby Dicks Film The Invisible War699 Words   |  3 PagesSixty-five years after President Truman signs the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act more than 200,000 women are serving in the military. These women are engaged in real combat and experience the physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion like every soldier out there. But what’s more is that in the first three quarters of the fiscal year of 2013 3,553 sexual assault complaints were reported to the Def ense Department. Of these, only one hundred and seventy-five of the alleged attackers were criminallyRead MoreStop Blaming Victims for Sexual Assault1286 Words   |  6 Pagesview of sexual assault is shifting in a negative way in that members of society openly persecute victims of sexual assault, and certain types of popular visual media promote such violence. People in positions of power ignore sexual assault leaving victims begging for justice. The term ‘sexual assault ‘has lost its ability to invoke an impassioned response from society; instead victims are often criticized, media encourages the behavior, and influential members of society indulge in it. Sexual assaultRead MoreDocumentary, The Invisible War, Features Heroic War Heros793 Words   |  4 Pagesuncovers the secrets of sexual assault within the U.S. Military. Created by Academy and Emmy award winners, Amy Ziering and Kirby Dick. In this film Ziering and Dick try to convince their audience of the ongoing rape epidemic surrounding the U.S. Military. A film intended to reach an audience unaware of the issues, Ziering and Dick take their viewers on a mission to seek justice. In the beginning of the film Ziering and Dick use emotional stories told by victims of sexual assault. This approach quickly

Meg Whitman Is The Only Woman That Has Lead Two Major...

Background According to CNBC news (Wachenje et al., 2014) Meg Whitman is the only woman that has lead two major United States public companies. This phenomenal woman has had the pleasure of holding the title of CEO for not only eBay but also Hewlett-Packard. Margret Whitman, better known as Meg was born on August 4th, 1956 to Margret Cushing and Hedrick Hallett Whitman, Jr. in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Whitman is the youngest of three children. Her mother was a stay-at-home mom and her father ran his own loan business. Whitman graduated high school in 1974 and from there went on to enroll in Princeton University for her undergraduate education. Initially Whitman aspired to become a doctor, however, she had difficulty with chemistry and physics as well as other classes. Whitman took up an interest in business when she began working for a student magazine in an advertising sales role. Whitman switched her major and graduated Princeton with a bachelor’s degree in economics. After Prince ton, Whitman joined the MBA program at Harvard Business School and graduated from the program in 1979. She now resides in California with her husband and her two sons. Work Experience Post-graduation Whitman was employed by Procter Gamble as a brand manager and relocated to Cincinnati. After a couple of years in Cincinnati, Whitman married a neurosurgeon, Griff Harsh, and they relocated to San Francisco so that Harsh could complete his residency. While in San Francisco, Whitman acquiredShow MoreRelatedInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesin strategy and business journals and was the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. He consults to organizations around the world on innovation, globalization, and transformation and has published extensively in leading academic and business journals. is the Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and the architect of and the world’s foremost authority on disruptive innovation. Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMerger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permissionRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAccount Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing AssistantRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pagesof this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600

A Case of Tesco

Question: Prepare a report on Tesco. Answer: Evaluation of different leadership styles within Tesco Tesco, the major retail supermarket chain of UK is majorly a customer oriented organization. The company generally adopts the democratic leadership style within the internal organization so that the employees get a chance to voice their opinions. On the contrary autocratic leadership style is seen among the store managers of Tesco. In cases of departmental managers having long experience within Tesco the organization shows a laissez faire leadership style. Hence the use of different leadership styles within Tesco depends upon the task, the team and the type of outcome expected from the task (Hariri, Monypenny Prideaux, 2014). Identification and comparison of three different styles The store managers at Tesco adopts the democratic or the participative leadership style in cases when the manager has to take decisions in relation to device better approaches for stock reduction program, introduction of new product line, enhancing of the visual merchandising etc. The creative idea and plans of different team members are useful in this context (Pietersen, 2014). In emergency cases like product launch, cost reduction, budget preparation the managers at Tesco adopt the authoritarian style. Lambert (2012) opined the authoritarian style is favorable in meeting deadlines of any project however excess use of the same may create a non congenial working environment. Laissez Faire approach is adopted by the managers with the experienced and old members of the company. They are given the freedom of preparing a project without any prior guidelines since they have the adequate knowledge. This increases the employee loyalty of the old employees and also reduces the pressure of the company (Pietersen, 2014). Leadership approaches used by Tescos competitors Tesco considered being the largest retail chain of UK adopts three different types of leadership strategies in order to formulate the working environment within the company. However the same is not observed in case of its competitors namely Sainsbury, ASDA, Wal-mart and Morrison. ASDA adopts the coaching leadership style within the organization especially for the retail employees. The retail company focuses on building a developmental relationship, generates a feedback process and formal programs and also encourages various kinds of self developmental activities (Samad Abdullah, 2012). On the contrary both Sainsbury and Morrison adopt the autocratic leadership style in order to dominate the retail employees and give them orders in terms of project completion, customer handling etc. The adoption of these leadership strategies have contributed to the development of the employees but not development of the organization. Evaluation of developments in management support underpinning Tesco management today Saeed et al. (2014) opined that in the present scenario the management system within the organizations have been developed. The major changes have been brought about by the change in the employee development program. As per the reports of Forbes around 80% of the organizations are focused on the promotions of employee training in order to increase the efficiency of the organizational objectives. However Tesco is operated by majorly experienced employees hence the company is not striving to take any options of training and development within the organization. Thiel, Connelly Griffith (2012) suggested that lack of training leads to lack of new idea generation. Comparison of different motivation skills in Tesco Motivation is a prime factor to develop the productivity of the employees in an organization. Tesco pay prime focus on the monetary needs of the employees. However Xenikou Furnham (2013) opined that as per Maslows hierarchy of needs theory the basic physiological needs of an individual should be of primary focus for the organizations. Tesco adopts the following strategies namely Appreciation of work (Tesco.com, 2015) Responsibility and empowerment Offering work place challenges and development Opportunity for advancement Tesco supports work life balance of employees by providing them with flexible working hours, shifting duties for the retail employees, health benefits, Green club card for discounted shopping purposes, staff discounts, shareholder options etc (Hatzakis, 2009). Tesco designs the Employee reward program in the following ways namely Offering free shares after one year of service Provide contract free phones with O2 connection Pay slip vouchers in Christmas Holiday discounts and Gym membership (Kirby, 2009) Comparison of four motivation techniques According to Forsyth (2013) the following techniques may be used for motivating the employees within an organization namely employee benefits, congenial working environment, professional enrichment and performance appraisal. The employee benefits concerns motivating the employees with monetary and non monetary benefits. On the contrary the congenial working environment helps to motivate the employees psychologically (Hatzakis, 2009). The performance appraisal technique helps in generating a sense of responsibility and accountability within the employees. Finally the professional enrichment helps in creating a job satisfaction within the employees which in turn motivates them to work more effectively. Group behaviors and dynamics According to Connors (2012) group dynamics is a system of behavior by the individuals within the group. The group dynamics is useful for understanding decision making pattern of the individuals within the group. Group dynamics describes the way the groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. The group dynamics also helps in identifying the productivity of the group members. The group dynamics will be able to help the individuals within the group to understand the behavior of the group members. The decision of group members depends upon the dynamics of the group (Ben-Zur, 2009). Strategies to be used for group development The following strategies should be adopted in order to form a cohesive group namely Selection of appropriate team members Identification of the objective of the group Use open communication techniques (Cameron, 2012) Promotion of trust within the group members Encouragement of feedback system However some of the problems which are faced in terms of group formation are as follows: Problems of co coordinating with the cross functional team members Communication barriers in terms of language and other factors Implement of appropriate leadership styles Lack of motivational techniques within the team members (Bell Morse, 2013) Presence of cross cultural teams hampering in team productivity Lack of co ordination in terms of decision making Role confusion between the different team members Group dynamics and team conflict Non congenial working environment Use of technology to meet needs of diverse geographical workforce Virtual teams are the groups within the organizations which are geographically distributed throughout the different parts of the world. The major communication processes between these teams are the technological sources like Video conferencing, Skypes, mail chats, webinars and discussion boards. However Allwood Salo (2012) opined that several challenges may arise in case of managing the virtual teams namely lack of communication, misinterpretation, lack of co ordination and indistinct group roles and responsibilities. As per the records of the Tele work Research Network around 2.9 million full time virtual workers are found in UK and USA. The virtual teams consist of people who work from home and also people who take part in mobile works. With help of collaboration tools namely Redbooth, Blackboard collaborate, Podio and Campfire and project management tools like Microsoft project, Apollo, Teamwork, Primavera etc and Document storage or file sharing tools and meeting tools the virtual communication process has been improved in the present scenario. 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